The Gut–Brain–Digital Axis: Integrating Microbiome Science with AI-Driven Mental Wellness Interventions

Abstract

This review introduces the gut–brain–digital axis as a unifying conceptual framework integrating microbiome science, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital health technologies to advance mental health care. Adopting a narrative and integrative approach, the review synthesises interdisciplinary evidence from microbiology, neuroscience, psychiatry, and digital health to examine biological mechanisms, analytical innovations, and their clinical translation.

Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome exerts a profound influence on neurobiological function through interlocking neural, immune, and metabolic pathways, with compositional shifts linked to depression, anxiety, and neurodevelopmental conditions. AI has proven indispensable for navigating the high-dimensional, multimodal datasets that characterise this field, enabling predictive modelling, personalised diagnostics, and adaptive interventions. Digital phenotyping and real-time monitoring technologies capture continuous behavioural and physiological data that enrich biological profiles.

A central contribution is the formal articulation of the gut–brain–digital axis as a systems-oriented model integrating biological signalling with computational intelligence. Clinical applications—from microbiome-informed therapies to AI-powered platforms—demonstrate promise for improving outcomes across diverse populations. Pressing challenges in data standardisation, ethical governance, privacy, and equitable access are also identified. Realising this paradigm’s potential will require sustained interdisciplinary collaboration, robust ethical and regulatory frameworks, and deliberate investment in inclusive digital health systems.